聖巴素大教堂/GUM百貨商場

造型如童話故事蛋糕屋的聖巴素大教堂，又名華西里大教堂，
美麗、具東方色彩的洋蔥式拱頂，洋溢傳統俄羅斯風格。
教堂本身也代表俄羅斯在磚造建築的傑作，因俄羅斯傳統是木造建築。

這座教堂異於同時期的其他教堂之處，在於它是由幾個不同的部份組合起來，
共計有九個禮拜堂：中間帳蓬式的拱頂禮拜堂、四個八角形大洋蔥頂、
各據東南西北的禮拜堂，及其他幾個較小的洋蔥頂禮拜堂。
直到1670年，人們將所有的蔥頂加以彩繪，
它才有今日如童話故事般五彩繽紛的形象。

聖巴素大教堂於1555至1561年間建成，用來慶祝「恐怖伊凡」於
1552年10月1日攻下喀山要塞，及紀念喀山聖母像對俄羅斯軍隊的庇護。

關於這座教堂有2個傳說：在恐怖伊凡即將出征前，曾有個俗稱瘋修士的
巴素，預言恐怖伊凡在卡桑一役獲得大勝並統一全國，但是在他晚年會殺害
親生兒子、也是帝國唯一的繼承人。這些預言後來都一一實現了，
而被伊凡視為聖者，因此教堂以聖者巴素(St.Basil)為名。

另外，設計興建這座教堂的建築師 Postnik Yakovlev在教堂完工之後，被恐怖伊凡下令弄瞎雙眼，為的就是不讓他們再建造第二座像聖巴素大教堂這般壯觀的建築。而它確實是俄羅斯史上獨一無二的建築傑作，在結構上以四方形交疊構成平面基礎，在這基礎上建起大大小小的塔並覆上蔥形圓頂，裝飾技法不但採用俄羅斯傳統的「重複元素」技巧，
還融合拜占庭宗教建築及羅馬建築的要素，
從任何角度看上去都產生不同的風景，令人嘆為觀止！

GUM百貨商場（ГУМ）建於1890年到1893年間，面向克里姆林宮，
位於紅場東側，沿街長達242米，是莫斯科最大的百貨公司。

1917年俄國革命爆發以後，將之收歸國營，改名GUM國立百貨大樓。1953年後，門外總會看到長長的人龍，在排隊買日用品，因唯有此處不缺供應。
蘇聯解體後，又漸漸換成私人資本，但仍舊用GUM作名字，只把STATE 改為MAIN。

今天大樓內除了有售買俄羅斯特色的工藝品等店舖外，亦有許多世界知名的專門店進駐。但是，憑普遍國民的經濟收入，又能有幾多購買力呢？
米黃色的建築物，極具歐洲古典風格，
與其説是商店，不如説它是遊客順道參觀的其中一個景點而已。




▼ 慶祝120週年


▼ 共三層


▼ 二樓有許多天橋連接兩邊的商店


▼ 有coffee shop，可歇歇腳

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▼一樓中間的噴水池，是莫斯科人相約會面的熱門地點。
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Catherine II of Russia commissioned Giacomo Quarenghi, a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade center along the east side of Red Square. The existing structure was built to replace the previous trading rows that had been designed by Joseph Bove after the 1812 Fire of Moscow.

With the façade extending for 794 ft (242 m) along the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by Alexander Pomerantsev (responsible for architecture) and Vladimir Shukhov (responsible for engineering). The trapezoidal building features an interesting combination of elements of Russian medieval architecture and a steel framework and glass roof, a similar style to the great 19th-century railway stations of London. William Craft Brumfield described the GUM building as "a tribute both to Shukhov's design and to the technical proficiency of Russian architecture toward the end of the 19th century".

The glass-roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction. The roof, the diameter of which is 46 ft (14 m), looks light, but it is a firm construction made of more than 50,000 metal pods (about 819 short tons (743 t), capable of supporting snowfall accumulation. Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass, each weighing some 820 short tons (740 t) and containing in excess of 20,000 panes of glass. The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red Finnish granite, Tarusa marble, and limestone. Each arcade is on three levels, linked by walkways of reinforced concrete.

By the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917, the building contained some 1,200 stores. After the Revolution, the GUM was nationalised. During the NEP period (1921–28), GUM as a State Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM's stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and "democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide". In the end, GUM's efforts to build communism through consumerism were unsuccessful and arguably "only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement".

GUM continued to be used as a department store until Stalin converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first Five Year Plan. After the suicide of Stalin's wife Nadezhda in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body.

After reopening as a department store in 1953, the GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of consumer goods, and the queues of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square.

At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company Perekryostok. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to Bosco di Ciliegi, a Russian luxury-goods distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old abbreviation and thus still be called GUM. However, the first word Gosudarstvennyi ('state') has been replaced with Glavnyi ('main'), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store".

It is still open nowadays, and is a popular tourist destination for those visiting Moscow. Many of the stores feature fashionable brand names familiar in the West; locals refer to these as the "exhibitions of prices", the joke being that no one could afford actually to buy any of the items displayed. As of 2005, there were approximately 200 stores.

~ 醒喇喂 ~ ▼ from internet ~ 2013/09/13 ~